Includes bibliographical references (pages 607-655).

Introduction: Two kinds of error -- Part I: Finding noise. Crime and noisy punishment -- A noisy system -- Singular decisions -- Part II: Your mind is a measuring instrument. Matters of judgment -- Measuring error -- The analysis of noise -- Occasion noise -- How groups amplify noise -- Part III: Noise in predictive judgments. Judgments and models -- Noiseless rules -- Objective ignorance -- The valley of the normal -- Part IV: How noise happens. Heuristics, biases, and noise -- The matching operation -- Scales -- Patterns -- The sources of noise -- Part V: Improving judgments. Better judges for better judgments -- Debiasing and decision hygiene -- Sequencing information in forensic science -- Selection and aggregation in forecasting -- Guidelines in medicine -- Defining the scale in performance ratings -- Structure in hiring -- The mediating assessments protocol -- Part VI: Optimal noise. The costs of noise reduction -- Dignity -- Rules or standards? -- Review and conclusion: Taking noise seriously -- Epilogue: A less noisy world -- Appendix A: How to conduct a noise audit -- Appendix B: A checklist for a decision observer -- Appendix C: Correcting predictions.